Tibia Fractures
The knee is the largest weight-bearing joint in the human body, vital for mobility and stability. It comprises three primary bones: the thighbone (femur), the shinbone (tibia), and the kneecap (patella). Ligaments connect these bones, acting as stabilizers to prevent abnormal movements. Injuries to the tibia, one of the key components of the knee joint, can significantly impact quality of life.
Tibial Plateau Fractures
Tibial plateau fractures occur in the upper portion of the tibia, where it forms the knee joint. These injuries are typically periarticular, meaning they directly involve the joint. They often result from high-impact trauma, such as sports injuries or falls, and are common among skiers and snowboarders.
In addition to bone fractures, tibial plateau injuries are frequently associated with damage to soft tissues, including ligaments and the meniscus. Potential complications include:
- Post-traumatic arthritis
- Joint stiffness
- Knee instability
- Muscle weakness
- Chronic pain
Tibial Shaft Fractures
Tibial shaft fractures are more common than tibial plateau fractures. These injuries involve the middle section of the tibia and can range from closed fractures, where the skin remains intact, to open fractures, which penetrate the skin and carry a higher risk of infection.
Tibia fractures can occur due to either low-energy or high-energy trauma, each resulting in distinct injury patterns.
Low-energy injuries often stem from indirect trauma, leading to spiral fractures. They are more common in individuals with poor bone quality, such as those with osteoporosis, underscoring the need for bone health assessments.
High-energy trauma, such as car accidents or severe sports injuries, typically causes more complex fractures. These injuries can involve extensive damage to surrounding tissues, including:
- Skin
- Muscles
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Ligaments
High-energy tibial plateau fractures are particularly concerning due to their potential to damage knee cartilage, which may lead to:
- Joint misalignment
- Arthritis
- Instability
- Loss of motion
Additionally, severe soft tissue damage can cause compartment syndrome, a serious condition where increased pressure in the muscle compartments threatens muscle and nerve health.
A tibia fracture often manifests through the following symptoms:
- Severe pain, especially when attempting to bear weight
- Inability to bear weight on the affected leg
- Swelling in the knee or leg
- Visible deformity of the knee or leg
- Bruising or tenderness around the injury site
If you experience these symptoms following a traumatic injury, seek immediate medical attention to prevent complications.
Dr. Cinque, an expert in orthopedic care, will begin the diagnostic process by reviewing your injury history and symptoms. A thorough physical examination will follow, with attention to:
- Soft tissue damage
- Nerve function
- Blood vessel integrity
Diagnostic imaging is crucial to assess the fracture and any associated injuries:
- X-rays: Provide a clear view of the fracture’s location, type, and extent.
- CT Scans: Offer detailed images of the bone structure, especially the knee joint surface.
- MRI Scans: May be recommended to identify accompanying injuries, such as ligament or meniscus tears.
Orthopedic surgeon Dr. Mark Cinque is a sports medicine surgeon in San Diego, California who specializes in the treatment of complex knee injuries. He has spent time training at The Steadman Clinic and Stanford Orthopaedic Surgery. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed manuscripts and has presented research internationally. He uses minimally invasive arthroscopic procedures to preserve the natural joint and reduce recovery time to accelerate his patients’ return to the activities they love.
At a Glance
Mark Cinque, MD
- Board-certified, fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon
- Orthopedic Residency: Stanford University, Fellowship: The Steadman Clinic
- Authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications
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